What housing, transportation, and wage obligations does an H-2A employer actually have?

H-2A employers face the most prescriptive worker-protection regime in U.S. immigration law. The obligations come from INA § 218, 20 C.F.R. § 655 Subpart B, 29 C.F.R. § 501, and a layer of state-law worker-safety rules. DOL Wage and Hour Division (WHD) audits H-2A operations every season; non-compliance triggers back-wage liability, civil penalties, and debarment from the program.

Housing

Employers must offer free housing to all workers (H-2A and U.S. corresponding workers) who are unable to return to their permanent residence at the end of each workday. The housing must meet OSHA temporary-labor-camp standards under 29 C.F.R. § 1910.142 or comparable state standards (California has more stringent rules under Title 8). Concrete obligations:

• Compliant beds, mattresses, bedding
• Hot and cold potable water
• Functioning toilets, sinks, showers at prescribed ratios
• Cooking facilities or three meals daily
• Refuse collection
• Pest control
• Lighting and ventilation

DOL inspects housing pre-occupancy and during the season. A failed housing inspection halts H-2A admissions until cured.

Transportation

• Inbound — reimbursement for inbound travel from the home country (including consular processing costs) at the 50% completion point of the contract or sooner if the worker completes the contract.
• Outbound — payment of outbound travel upon completion of the contract.
• Daily — employer must provide or pay for daily transportation from housing to worksite if housing is more than walking distance.

Wages

The Adverse Effect Wage Rate (AEWR) under 20 C.F.R. § 655.120 is the floor — and it is recalculated annually based on USDA Farm Labor Survey data. In 2026 the AEWR for most regions is $17–$22/hour. The actual wage paid must be the highest of the AEWR, the prevailing wage for the crop and area, the applicable federal or state minimum wage, or any agreed-upon wage in the job order.

The 3/4 guarantee

The employer must offer employment for at least three-fourths of the workdays in the contract period. If the worker is offered less, the employer must pay the worker the difference — even if weather, market collapse, or other circumstances reduced actual work. This is the single most expensive H-2A obligation when the season under-performs.

Workers' compensation

H-2A employers must carry workers' compensation insurance even in states that exclude agricultural employers from mandatory workers' comp (e.g., parts of Texas, Florida). The H-2A regulations preempt the state exemption.

Tools, equipment, supplies

The employer must furnish, without charge, all tools, supplies, and equipment required to perform the duties listed in the job order. Charging workers for required PPE, knives, gloves, or boots is a per-se violation.

How we handle this

We treat H-2A compliance as a recurring annual operational program, not a filing. Before the season we audit housing, transportation contracts, payroll software, and the prior season's worker complaints. During the season we provide a single point of contact for WHD audits. After the season we run a debrief and update SOPs. The cost of a WHD audit finding can exceed the entire H-2A workforce cost for the season; the cost of structured compliance is a fraction of that.